Apress出版的C# 2008新书，英文版。

Contents at a Glance
Foreword...... . . . . . . xvii
About the Author..... xix
About the Technical Reviewer.... . . xxi
Acknowledgments.... . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction..... . . . . xxv
■CHAPTER 1 C# Preview.... . . . . . 1
■CHAPTER 2 C# and the CLR.... . 9
■CHAPTER 3 C# Syntax Overview.... . . . . . . . . 17
■CHAPTER 4 Classes, Structs, and Objects... 39
■CHAPTER 5 Interfaces and Contracts... . . . 123
■CHAPTER 6 Overloading Operators... . . . . . 149
■CHAPTER 7 Exception Handling and Exception Safety... 163
■CHAPTER 8 Working with Strings... . . . . . . . 195
■CHAPTER 9 Arrays, Collection Types, and Iterators.. . . . . 221
■CHAPTER 10 Delegates, Anonymous Functions, and Events.. . . . . . . . . . 253
■CHAPTER 11 Generics.... . . . . . 279
■CHAPTER 12 Threading in C#.... . . . . . . . . . . . 317
■CHAPTER 13 In Search of C# Canonical Forms... . . . . . . . . 363
■CHAPTER 14 Extension Methods.... . . . . . . . . 417
■CHAPTER 15 Lambda Expressions... . . . . . . . 443
■CHAPTER 16 LINQ: Language Integrated Query.. . . . . . . . . 465
■APPENDIX References.... . . . 495
■INDEX..... . . . . . . . . . . . 497
v

Contents
Foreword...... . . . . . . xvii
About the Author..... xix
About the Technical Reviewer.... . . xxi
Acknowledgments.... . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction..... . . . . xxv
■CHAPTER 1 C# Preview.... . . . 1
Differences Between C# and C++... 1
C# 1..... . . . . . . 1
C++..... . . . . . . 2
CLR Garbage Collection.... . . . 2
Example of a C# Program... . . . . . . . 3
Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0... . . . . . . . . . 5
Overview of What’s New in C# 3.0...6
Summary.... . . . . . . . 7
■CHAPTER 2 C# and the CLR... . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The JIT Compiler in the CLR... . . . . 10
Assemblies and the Assembly Loader.. . . . . . . . . . 11
Minimizing the Working Set of the Application. . . . . . . . . . . 11
Naming Assemblies... . . . . . . 12
Loading Assemblies.... . . . . . 12
Metadata..... . . . . . . 13
Cross-Language Compatibility... . . 14
Summary.... . . . . . . 15
■CHAPTER 3 C# Syntax Overview... . . . . . 17
C# Is a Strongly Typed Language... 17
Expressions..... . . . . 18
Statements and Expressions... . . . 19
vii
Types and Variables... . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Value Types....21
Reference Types.... . . . . . . . . 24
Default Variable Initialization... . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Implicitly Typed Local Variables.. . . . . . . . . . 25
Type Conversion.... . . . . . . . . 27
as and is Operators... . . . . . . 29
Generics.... . . 31
Namespaces..... . . . 32
Defining Namespaces... . . . . 33
Using Namespaces... . . . . . . 34
Control Flow.... . . . . 35
if-else, while, do-while, and for.. . . . . . . . . . 35
switch.... . . . . 35
foreach.... . . . 36
break, continue, goto, return, and throw... . 36
Summary.... . . . . . . 37
■CHAPTER 4 Classes, Structs, and Objects.. . . . . . . . 39
Class Definitions... . . . . . . . . 41
Fields...41
Constructors... . . . . . . 44
Methods.... . . . . . . . . . 45
Properties... . . . . . . . . 47
Encapsulation... . . . . . 51
Accessibility... . . . . . . . 55
Interfaces.... . . . . . . . . 56
Inheritance.... . . . . . . . 57
sealed Classes... . . . . . 64
abstract Classes.... . . . 65
Nested Classes... . . . . 65
Indexers.... . . . . . . . . . 69
partial Classes... . . . . . 70
partial Methods... . . . . 71
Static Classes... . . . . . 72
Reserved Member Names.. . . . . . . . . . 74
Value Type Definitions... . . . . 75
Constructors... . . . . . . 76
The Meaning of this... . 78
Finalizers... . . . . . . . . . 80
Interfaces.... . . . . . . . . 81
Anonymous Types... . . . . . . . 81
Object Initializers.... . . . . . . . 84
viii ■CONTENTS
Boxing and Unboxing.... . . . . 87
When Boxing Occurs... 91
Efficiency and Confusion.. . . . . . . . . . . 93
System.Object.... . . . . . . . . . 94
Equality and What It Means.. . . . . . . . . 95
The IComparable Interface.. . . . . . . . . . 95
Creating Objects... . . . . . . . . 95
The new Keyword... . . 96
Field Initialization... . . . 97
Static (Class) Constructors.. . . . . . . . . . 98
Instance Constructor and Creation Ordering. . . . . . . . . 101
Destroying Objects... . . . . . 104
Finalizers... . . . . . . . . 105
Deterministic Destruction.. . . . . . . . . . 106
Exception Handling.... 107
Disposable Objects... . . . . . 107
The IDisposable Interface.. . . . . . . . . . 107
The using Keyword.... 110
Method Parameter Types.... 111
Value Arguments... . . 111
ref Arguments... . . . . 112
out Parameters... . . . 113
param Arrays... . . . . . 114
Method Overloading... . . . . 114
Inheritance and Virtual Methods.. . . . . . . . . 115
Virtual and Abstract Methods.. . . . . . . 115
override and new Methods.. . . . . . . . . 115
sealed Methods... . . . 118
A Final Few Words on C# Virtual Methods. . . . . . . . . . . 118
Inheritance, Containment, and Delegation.. . 118
Choosing Between Interface and Class Inheritance.. . . 119
Delegation and Composition vs. Inheritance. . . . . . . . . 120
Summary...122
■CHAPTER 5 Interfaces and Contracts.. . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Interfaces Define Types... . . 124
Defining Interfaces... . . . . . 125
What Can Be in an Interface?.. . . . . . . 125
Interface Inheritance and Member Hiding. . . . . . . . . . . 126
■CONTENTS ix
Implementing Interfaces... . 128
Implicit Interface Implementation.. . . . 128
Explicit Interface Implementation.. . . . 129
Overriding Interface Implementations in Derived Classes . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Beware of Side Effects of Value Types Implementing Interfaces . . . . . . 134
Interface Member Matching Rules.. . . . . . . . 135
Explicit Interface Implementation with Value Types. . . . . . . . 139
Versioning Considerations... 141
Contracts...142
Contracts Implemented with Classes.. 142
Interface Contracts.... 144
Choosing Between Interfaces and Classes... 144
Summary...148
■CHAPTER 6 Overloading Operators... . 149
Just Because You Can Doesn’t Mean You Should. . . . . . . . . . 149
Types and Formats of Overloaded Operators.149
Operators Shouldn’t Mutate Their Operands.150
Does Parameter Order Matter?.. . . . . . . . . . 151
Overloading the Addition Operator.. . . . . . . . 151
Operators That Can Be Overloaded.. . . . . . . 153
Comparison Operators.. . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Conversion Operators... . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Boolean Operators... . 158
Summary...161
■CHAPTER 7 Exception Handling and Exception Safety.. . . . . . 163
How the CLR Treats Exceptions.. . . . . . . . . . 163
Mechanics of Handling Exceptions in C#.. . . 164
Throwing Exceptions..164
Changes with Unhandled Exceptions Starting with .NET 2.0 . . . . . . . . . 164
Syntax Overview of the try Statement..165
Rethrowing Exceptions and Translating Exceptions.. . . 167
Exceptions Thrown in finally Blocks.. . 169
Exceptions Thrown in Finalizers.. . . . . 170
Exceptions Thrown in Static Constructors.. . . . . . . . . . 171
Who Should Handle Exceptions?.. . . . . . . . . 172
Avoid Using Exceptions to Control Flow.. . . . 173
Achieving Exception Neutrality... . . . . . . . . . 173
Basic Structure of Exception-Neutral Code. . . . . . . . . . 174
Constrained Execution Regions.. . . . . 179
Critical Finalizers and SafeHandle... . . 181
x ■CONTENTS
Creating Custom Exception Classes... . . . . . 185
Working with Allocated Resources and Exceptions.. . . . . . . . 186
Providing Rollback Behavior.. . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Summary...193
■CHAPTER 8 Working with Strings.... . . 195
String Overview.... . . . . . . . 195
String Literals... . . . . . . . . . 196
Format Specifiers and Globalization... . . . . . 197
Object.ToString, IFormattable, and CultureInfo. . . . . . . 198
Creating and Registering Custom CultureInfo Types. . . 199
Format Strings... . . . . 201
Console.WriteLine and String.Format.. 202
Examples of String Formatting in Custom Types. . . . . . 203
ICustomFormatter... . 204
Comparing Strings... . 206
Working with Strings from Outside Sources.. 208
StringBuilder... . . . . . . . . . . 209
Searching Strings with Regular Expressions.211
Searching with Regular Expressions... 211
Searching and Grouping... . . . . . . . . . 213
Replacing Text with Regex.. . . . . . . . . 216
Regex Creation Options.. . . . . . . . . . . 219
Summary...220
■CHAPTER 9 Arrays, Collection Types, and Iterators. . . . . . . . . . 221
Introduction to Arrays... . . . 221
Implicitly Typed Arrays.. . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Type Convertibility and Covariance.. . . 224
Sortability and Searchability.. . . . . . . . 225
Synchronization... . . . 225
Vectors vs. Arrays.... . 226
Multidimensional Rectangular Arrays... . . . . 228
Multidimensional Jagged Arrays.. . . . . . . . . 229
Collection Types... . . . . . . . 231
Comparing ICollection with ICollection.. . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Collection Synchronization.. . . . . . . . . 232
Lists.... . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Dictionaries... . . . . . . 234
Sets...235
System.Collections.ObjectModel... . . . 235
Efficiency... . . . . . . . . 238
■CONTENTS xi
IEnumerable <T>, IEnumerator <T>, IEnumerable, and IEnumerator . . . . . . . 239
Types That Produce Collections.. . . . . 242
Iterators.... 242
Forward, Reverse, and Bidirectional Iterators. . . . . . . . 247
Collection Initializers... . . . . 251
Summary...252
■CHAPTER 10 Delegates, Anonymous Functions, and Events.. 253
Overview of Delegates.... . . 253
Delegate Creation and Use..254
Single Delegate... . . . 255
Delegate Chaining... . 256
Iterating Through Delegate Chains.. . . 258
Unbound (Open Instance) Delegates.. . 259
Events..... . 262
Anonymous Methods.... . . . 266
Beware the Captured Variable Surprise.. . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Anonymous Methods as Delegate Parameter Binders. . 272
The Strategy Pattern... . . . . 276
Summary...278
■CHAPTER 11 Generics..... . . . 279
Difference Between Generics and C++ Templates. . . . . . . . . 280
Efficiency and Type Safety of Generics... . . . 281
Generic Type Definitions and Constructed Types. . . . . . . . . . 282
Generic Classes and Structs... . . . . . . 283
Generic Interfaces... . 285
Generic Methods... . . 286
Generic Delegates... . 288
Generic Type Conversion.. . . . . . . . . . 291
Default Value Expression.. . . . . . . . . . 292
Nullable Types... . . . . 293
Constructed Types Control Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Generics and Inheritance.. . . . . . . . . . 295
Constraints... . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Constraints on Nonclass Types.. . . . . . 301
Generic System Collections..302
Generic System Interfaces...303
Select Problems and Solutions.. . . . . . . . . . 305
Conversion and Operators Within Generic Types. . . . . . 305
Creating Constructed Types Dynamically. . . . . . . . . . . 314
Summary...316
xii ■CONTENTS
■CHAPTER 12 Threading in C#.... . . . . . . . . 317
Threading in C# and .NET... 317
Starting Threads.... . . 318
The IOU Pattern and Asynchronous Method Calls. . . . . 320
States of a Thread... . 320
Terminating Threads..323
Halting Threads and Waking Sleeping Threads. . . . . . . 324
Waiting for a Thread to Exit.. . . . . . . . 325
Foreground and Background Threads.. 326
Thread-Local Storage... . . . . . . . . . . . 327
How Unmanaged Threads and COM Apartments Fit In. 330
Synchronizing Work Between Threads.. . . . . 331
Lightweight Synchronization with the Interlocked Class332
Monitor Class... . . . . . 337
Locking Objects... . . . 345
Semaphore... . . . . . . 350
Events... . . . . . . . . . . 350
Win32 Synchronization Objects and WaitHandle. . . . . . 351
Using ThreadPool... . . . . . . 353
Asynchronous Method Calls.. . . . . . . . 354
Timers... . . . . . . . . . . 361
Summary...362
■CHAPTER 13 In Search of C# Canonical Forms.. . . 363
Reference Type Canonical Forms... . . . . . . . 363
Default to sealed Classes.. . . . . . . . . . 364
Use the Non-Virtual Interface (NVI) Pattern. . . . . . . . . . 365
Is the Object Cloneable?... . . . . . . . . . 368
Is the Object Disposable?.. . . . . . . . . . 373
Does the Object Need a Finalizer?.. . . 375
What Does Equality Mean for This Object?. . . . . . . . . . 382
If You Override Equals, Override GetHashCode Too. . . . 388
Does the Object Support Ordering?.. . 391
Is the Object Formattable?.. . . . . . . . . 393
Is the Object Convertible?... . . . . . . . . 397
Prefer Type Safety at All Times.. . . . . . 399
Using Immutable Reference Types.. . . 403
Value Type Canonical Forms.. . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Override Equals for Better Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Do Values of This Type Support Any Interfaces?. . . . . . 410
Implement Type-Safe Forms of Interface Members and
Derived Methods... 411
■CONTENTS xiii
Summary...414
Checklist for Reference Types.. . . . . . 414
Checklist for Value Types.. . . . . . . . . . 415
■CHAPTER 14 Extension Methods... . . . . . 417
Introduction to Extension Methods... . . . . . . 417
How Does the Compiler Find Extension Methods?. . . . 418
Under the Covers... . . 421
Code Readability vs. Code Understandability.. . . . . . . . 422
Recommendations for Use...423
Consider Extension Methods Over Inheritance. . . . . . . 423
Isolate Extension Methods in Separate Namespace. . . 424
Changing a Type’s Contract Can Break Extension Methods . . . . . . . . . . 425
Transforms... . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Operation Chaining... . . . . . 429
Custom Iterators... . . . . . . . 430
Borrowing from Functional Programming. . . . . . . . . . . 432
The Visitor Pattern... . . . . . . 437
Summary...441
■CHAPTER 15 Lambda Expressions... . . . 443
Introduction to Lambda Expressions.. . . . . . 443
Lambda Expressions..444
Lambda Statements... 448
Expression Trees... . . . . . . . 449
Operating on Expressions... . . . . . . . . 451
Functions As Data... . 452
Useful Applications of Lambda Expressions.. 453
Iterators and Generators Revisited.. . . 453
Closures (Variable Capture) and Memoization. . . . . . . . 456
Currying.... . . . . . . . . 460
Anonymous Recursion.. . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Summary...464
■CHAPTER 16 LINQ: Language Integrated Query... . 465
A Bridge to Data... . . . . . . . 465
Query Expressions... . 466
Extension Methods and Lambda Expressions Revisited468
Standard Query Operators... 469
xiv ■CONTENTS
C# Query Keywords.... . . . . 470
The from Clause and Range Variables.470
The join Clause... . . . 472
The where Clause and Filters.. . . . . . . 474
The orderby Clause... 474
The select Clause and Projection.. . . . 475
The let Clause... . . . . 476
The group Clause... . . 478
The into Clause and Continuations.. . . 480
The Virtues of Being Lazy... 482
C# Iterators Foster Laziness.. . . . . . . . 482
Subverting Laziness... 483
Executing Queries Immediately.. . . . . 485
Expression Trees Revisited.. . . . . . . . . 485
Techniques from Functional Programming... 486
Custom Standard Query Operators and Lazy Evaluation486
Replacing foreach Statements.. . . . . . 493
Summary...494
■APPENDIX References.... . 495
Blogs..... . . 496
■INDEX..... . . . . . . . . . . . 497